Soeharto

Black notes about the former president Suharto: the negative and very negative side of Suharto - Untold Stories / the x files (fact or fiction?)
Twilight POWER: Red record of former President Suharto - Untold Stories / the x files (fact or fiction?)

Month of November 41 last year, General Suharto who have been successful coup Bung Karno, send one economic team consisting of Prof. Sadli, Prof. Soemitro Djoyohadikusumoh, a professor of economics and a graduate of Berkeley University in the U.S., because it's economic team is also referred to as' Berkeley Mafia'-to Switzerland. They want to hold a meeting with a number of Jewish tycoon Rockefeller-led world.

In Switzerland, as can be seen from the documentary by John Pilger, entitled "The New Ruler of the World 'which can be downloaded at the website youtube, agents of General Suharto's economic team is mortgaging the country's natural wealth before Rockefeler cs. With as good as his stomach, they mengkavling-plots the archipelago and gave it to Jewish entrepreneurs. Gold mountain left to the Freeport in Papua, Aceh's oil fields to Exxon, and so on. Law Foreign Investment (FDI Act) in 1967 was designed in Switzerland, obey the will of the Jewish businessmen.

Until this moment, when Suharto had died and been buried in the family cemetery near Imogiri, in a land with an altitude of 666 meters above sea level (!?), robbery of all the natural wealth of this country still went ahead and did exceptionally unimpeded by the World Jewish corporations. The result can be seen everywhere: the poverty rate in this country increasingly bloated, more and more children drop out of school, more and more little kids roaming the highways, more and more parents despair and suicide, more and more crazy people hanging around in the villages, more and more crime, more and more cases of corruption, and a row again undisputed facts if the country was sliding into the abyss of destruction. Suharto was the mastermind of all this.

But who would have thought, despite numerous scientific books written by scholars from within and outside the country about how bobroknya performance in the current government of General Suharto in power for more kuarng 32 years, with millions of facts and irrefutable documents, but the name of Suharto still Just be fragrant with the number of people. Some even suggested that the figure is so ridiculous that by Bung Karno is referred to as General Stubborn (Netherlands: Koepeg) was given an award as a national hero and given the title of the nation's teachers. Although amusing, but it is a fact.

Therefore, this paper tried to explain what it is about General Suharto. So that at least, those who think the Suharto feasible given the title of the nation's teacher or even a national hero, should be bermuhasabah and do a deeper reflection, it is true that such measures.

Historical facts must be upheld, a Suharto guilty or not should be decided by way of the law via the courts. It is very presumptuous calling these people to forgive the sins of a Suharto before we all know what Suharto's sins because he was never brought to justice.

This paper will attempt to capture the journey of a Suharto, before and after becoming president. So that no more thinking that says, "Let me have a wrong Suharto, but he still had a big hand to build this country. The results of development work and we can feel together today. See, many magnificent buildings stand in Jakarta, the streets of major protocols and smooth, strong highway, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah is cheap, and so on. Clearly, however, Suharto made a large contribution in building this country! "

Or there is no one who says, "The Age of Suharto's better than it does now, the price of goods can be cheap, unlike now which is too expensive. It would be better if we go back to the Suharto era ... "Only those Suhartoislah, which gets part of the feast of hot money in the New Order era and might well now, who dare to utter it. Or if not, yes it could be, they are the people who have not been enlightened.

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Suharto was born in Kemusuk, Argomulyo, Yogyakarta, June 8, 1921, from family farmers who adhere kejawen. Conviction is later continued maintenance of his family until the old days. His career started as an employee of a rural bank, though not for long.

He was also a laborer and then took a military career first as a Colonial soldier who was under Dutch colonial army units. When the Japanese arrived in 1942, Suharto joined the MAP. When Soekarno proclaimed independence, Suharto joined the TKR.

One of the 'achievements' Suharto's military-gemborkannya digembar often during her ruling is March 1, 1949 General Offensive on Jogjakarta. Even the 'achievement' was deliberately filmed with the title 'Janur Yellow' (1979) which shows if the general attack was initiated and led by Lieutenant Colonel Suharto. In fact, the general attack was actually initiated Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX. Hamengkubuwono IX was the one who led the general assault against the Dutch. Hamengkubuwono IX is a nationalist who has a concern for the fate of his people, because he did not want to be invaded. (See biography of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX).

In 1959, Suharto who was then serving as military commander of Diponegoro was fired by Nasution with disrespect because Suharto has used its military institutions to collect money from companies in Central Java. Suharto was also discovered at that time involved the illegal activities of smuggling the sugar and cotton with Bob Hasan and Liem Sioe Liong.

To expedite this smuggling, which is controlled shipping prusahaan founded Bob Hasan. That said, in illegitimate business, Bob uses the ships 'Indonesian Overseas' owned by CM Chow. Who C.M. Chow is this? He was a double agent. In 1950 he became a secret agent of the Japanese army in Shanghai. But he was the representative of Mao Tse Tung, in recruiting overseas Chinese from the Japanese into the network of communist Asia.

In 1943, Chow was assigned to Japan to Jakarta. When the Japanese to pull out of Indonesia, Chow still in Jakarta and opened the first shipping business in this country. Chow not only foster the Chinese citizens in Central and East Java, but also in Sumatra and Sulawesi. One of the proxies is the father of Eddy Tansil and Hendra Rahardja surnamed Tan. Mao Tan is a sleeping agent in Eastern Indonesia. In the mid-1980s, Hendra Rahardja and Liem Sioe Liong established a number of factories in Fujian, China (Who Actually Suharto; Eros Djarot; 2006).

Nasution was then so angry that want to fire Suharto of AD and dragged him to the Military Court, but under pressure from Gatot Subroto, Suharto was finally released and sent to SSKAD (School of Army Staff and Command). In addition to Nasution, Yani is also angry at the act of Suharto and later crossed out the name of Suharto from the list of participants in SSKAD, which it makes once Suharto's revenge against Yani. Moreover Amad Yani is the favorite son of Bung Karno.

Colonel Pranoto Rekso Samoedro Diponegoro Military Command was appointed to replace Suharto. Pranoto, the officers 'students', and withdraw all facilities owned by Suharto lent the Diponegoro Military Command to Chinese businessmen for their personal use. Suharto was very hurt and resentment against Pranoto, also against Nasution and Yani.

In SSKAD, Suharto was nominated to become chairman of the Senate. But DI. Panjaitan balked by stating he did not believe the Suharto who judged not to be trusted because it has a lot of dirt in kair military records, among others, the smuggling of Chinese entrepreneurs together with the pretext to build unity, but what happens is to enrich himself.

The incident Suharto very angry. Increase again revenge Suharto, in addition to Nasution, Yani, Pranoto, now Panjaitan. Strange but true, the events of October 1, 1965, the enemies of the Suharto-Nasution, Yani, and Panjaitan-targeted assassination, while Suharto himself who was the second in AD is not included in the list of death.

And when Yani was killed, Bung Karno lift Pranoto Rekso Samudro as Chief of Army Staff, but was thwarted by the Suharto Pranoto so Suhartolah who took over the leadership of AD, so as to avoid bloodshed and perangsaudara-for Siliwangi in West Java (Ibrahim Adjie) and Marines ( Marines) in East Java has vowed to be back and if Sukarno Sukarno ordered to 'sweep' the power of Suharto in Jakarta, then they are declared ready for battle, then Sukarno Suharto swore in as Commander of the Army on October 14, 1965.

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Post-World War II, the U.S. view Russia as the only party that could hinder its hegemony over the world. Marshall Plan was launched as an effort to stem the influence of communism was increasingly widespread, from Eastern Europe to the south Asia, a region which is very strategic in terms of world trade and geopolitics, is also very rich in natural resources and also human. The U.S. is very worried if the Soviet-controlled territory. Of all the countries in the region, Indonesia was the country's most strategic and richest. The U.S. is well aware of this, because it is in this region Indonesia is the only region called the Marshall Plan.

But to subjugate Indonesia, the U.S. obviously difficult because the country is being led by a difficult set, intelligent, and slippery. He was the Bung Karno. There is no other way, this person must be overthrown, in many ways. History knows well how the CIA was involved directly variety of rebellion against authority Bung Karno. The CIA also maintains its cadres in the field of education (which later gave birth to the Berkeley Mafia), and riding close to political parties for their interests (among others through PSI), the cells develop proxies in the army (local army friend) and so on. Having repeatedly failed to oust Sukarno and even wanted to kill him, finally in the latter half of 1965, Bung Karno were removed.

After the events of October 1, 1965, de facto, General Suharto to control this country. The third week until the beginning of 1966, General Suharto commissioned massacred his accomplices may amount to millions of people. Those killed were the ones accused yag communist cadres or sympathizers (PKI), without passing through a fair trial. International media silent on crimes against humanity that exceeds the evil regime in Cambodia Polpot this, because the U.S. is winning.

The fall of Sukarno and the rise of General Suharto was celebrated with great joy by Washington. Even President Nixon called it "The greatest gift of Southeast Asia". One country with a very strategic area, rich with natural resources, all minerals, and so these have been successfully mastered and in a short time will be used as 'cash cow' for the triumph of Western imperialism.

Sure enough, November 1967, General Suharto commissioned a team of pro-US economists see the 'boss' Jewish International in Switzerland. Doctoral Dissertation Brad Sampson, from Northwestern University in the U.S. trace the historical facts at the beginning of New Order Indonesia. Prof. Jeffrey Winters was appointed as a promoter. Indonesianists from Australia, John Pilger in The New Rulers of the World, citing Sampson and writes:

"In November 1967, following the arrest of 'greatest gift' (a term the U.S. government to Indonesia after Sukarno fell and was replaced by Suharto), then the catch was divided. The Time Life Corporation sponsored a special conference in Geneva, Switzerland, who in three days discussing the Indonesian takeover strategy.

The participants consisted of all the most powerful capitalists in the world, people like David Rockefeller. All the giant corporations represented Western oil companies and banks, General Motors, Imperial Chemical Industries, British Leyland, British American Tobacco, American Express, Siemens, Goodyear, The International Paper Corporation, U.S. Steel, ICI, Leman Brothers, the Asian Development Bank, Chase Manhattan, and so forth. "

Across the table sat Suharto's people by the Rockefeller and other Jewish businessmen known as 'Indonesian economists are corrupt'.

"In Geneva, Team Indonesia known as 'The Berkeley Mafia' because some of them had enjoyed U.S. government scholarships to study at the University of California at Berkeley. They come as beggars who voiced the things desired by the employers in attendance. Thrusting item is sold from the state and nation. Team Economic Indonesia offers: a lot of labor and cheap, reserves and abundant natural resources and huge market. "

Still in the quote John Pilger, "On the second day, the Indonesian economy has been divided into sectors by the sector." Prof. Jeffrey Winters called it, "This was done with a very spectacular way."

"They divide it into five sections: mining in one room, services in another room, light industry in the other room, banking and finance in another room; conducted by Chase Manhattan to sit with a delegation that dictate policies that can accepted by them and other investors. We saw this great corporate leaders around from one table to another, saying, 'This is what we want, that's what we want, this, this and this.' And they were basically designed the legal infrastructure for investment. Of course, legal product that they are very profitable. I've never heard of a situation like that before, where global capital sits with representatives from countries that are assumed as a sovereign state and the design requirements for the entry of their investment into the country. "

Freeport get a mountain of copper in West Papua (Henry Kissinger, the U.S. Jewish businessman, sitting on the Board of Commissioners). A European consortium to get Nickel in West Papua. The giant Alcoa bauxite get the largest part of Indonesia. A group of American companies, Japanese, and French get the tropical forests of Borneo, Sumatra, and West Papua.

A law on foreign investment are in a hurry presented to President Soeharto made the government-sanctioned robbery of the state's tax-free for five years. By Suharto, people are bombarded with propaganda of development, Pancasila, and the trickle-down effect of increased prosperity, but the facts that occurred in the field actually is a process of impoverishment of the nation as a systematic regime of Suharto.

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On March 12, 1967, General Suharto was sworn in as President of the 2nd. Three months later, he formed the Presidential Council of Economic Experts Team consisting of Prof. Dr. Widjojo Nitisastro, Prof.. Dr. Ali Ward, Prof. Dr. Moh. Sadli, Prof. Dr. Soemitro Djojohadikusumo, Prof. Dr. Subroto, Dr. Emil Salim, Drs. Frans Seda, and Drs. Prawiro. Total pro-capitalism.

November 1967, Suharto's economic team was sent to Switzerland to meet the CEOs of the International Jew. 1967 Foreign Investment Law was born a very lucrative Western imperialists. The principle of Indonesia's economic independence fiercely guarded Bung Karno, by General Suharto eliminated by making Indonesia as a country highly dependent on the capitalist West as a world power.

"New Indonesia" a more pro-capitalism, actually have been designed since the 1950's. David Ransom is popular in his article titled "Berkeley Mafia and Mass Killings in Indonesia: New Trojan Horse from U.S. Universities Go to Indonesia" (Ramparts, 1970) explained if the U.S. used two strategies to conquer Indonesia, of course, by getting rid of Bung Karno. First, build a group of Western-minded intellectuals. And second, to build a single cell in the body of the army is ready to cooperate with the United States.

The first was masterminded by the various scholarship foundations like the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation, also the U.S. top universities like Berkeley, Harvard, Cornell, and MIT. David Ransom writes, two prominent Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI), a small party right-wing socialists, namely Sumitro Djojohadikusumo Soedjatmoko and spearheading the establishment of a network pro-Western intellectuals in Indonesia. They, thus Ransom, fostered by the U.S. since the late 1949's.

The second task is being delegated to the CIA. One of his agents named Guy Pauker who joined the RAND Corporation approached a number of senior officers through one of those who said the CIA recruited, the Deputy And Seskoad Col. Soewarto. And Intel Achmad Soekendro also known to be close to the CIA. Through these people, so Ransom, U.S. plot, close to the military. Suharto was a disciple of Soewarto in Seskoad.

In this Seskoad the U.S. built an intellectual given the opportunity to teach the officers. Formed the fabric of civil-military cooperation between the pro-US. Easter 1965 tragedy and massacre the people of Indonesia, who accused the communists, and this group began to build a 'New Indonesia'. His doctorate in economics who have built from Ford's return to Indonesia and immediately joined this group, among Emil Salim.

General Suharto forms-TRIUM Virat (government along with three legs) with Adam Malik and the Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX. Ransom wrote: "On April 12, 1967, Emperor announced an important political statement that outlines the new regime's economic program that said they would bring Indonesia back into the lap of Imperialists. The policy was written by Widjojo and Sadli. "

Ransom continued, "In further detailing the economic program outlined recently in the Sultan, the technocrats led by the United States. Widjojo confusion when preparing the economic stabilization program, AID bring David Cole, an economist at Harvard who has just made South Korea's banking regulations to help Widjojo. Sadli also the same, despite having a doctorate, but still need the "guidance". According to a U.S. Embassy employee, "Sadli really do not know how to make a regulation of foreign investment. He should get a lot of the Embassy of the United States.

This is the initial phase of the program five Annual Development Plan (Repelita) Suharto, compiled by the U.S. educated economist Indonesia, which still directly dimbing by U.S. economists themselves with the cooperation of the various foundations that exist.

June 1968, General Suharto quietly and suddenly held a reunion with those built Ford, known as the "Berkeley Mafia" (to design the composition of the Development Cabinet and important bodies of other high level): as Minister of Commerce appointed Dean Smith FEUI Djojohadikusumo (Doctor of Philosophy from Rotterdam), Chairman of IBRA was appointed Widjojo Nitisastro (Doctor of Philosophy Berkeley, 1961), Vice Chairman of BPN appointed Emil Salim (Doctor of Philosophy, Berkeley, 1964), Director of Marketing and Trade appointed Subroto (Doctor of Philosophy from Harvard, 1964), Minister of Finance appointed Wardhana (Doctor of Philosophy, Berkeley, 1962), Chairman of the PMA Team Moh. Sadli (Master of Science, MIT, 1956), Secretary General of the Ministry of Industry appointed Barli Halim (MBA Berkeley, 1959), was Sudjatmoko, advisor Adam Malik, was appointed ambassador in Washington, the key position of the Jakarta-Washington axis.

Economic team "New Indonesia" is bekeja with direct referrals from the Harvard Study Team Development (Development Advisory Service, DAS), which financed the Ford Foundation. "We're working behind the scenes," I'm Deputy Director Gordon Lister Riverbed. The U.S. authorities immediately back up with all this new power of Indonesia's economic stability so that deliberately undermined by the U.S. in the period before 1965 could be gradually restored.

They were what was behind Repelita starts in early 1969, with emphasis on foreign investment and self-sufficiency in agricultural products. In many cases, officials rely on the central bureaucracy of military officers in the regions to oversee the smooth running of this Ford program.

They work with local leaders of the landlords and administrative officials. The new group formed in areas that work to enrich themselves and their families. They, the central and regional groups, symbiosis, mutualism. They also suppress the peasants who worked in the field.

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New Order Seeds grow on top of a pool of blood and tears of its people. Direction of development (Repelita) designed in accordance with the wishes of Washington by emphasizing the exploitation of all natural wealth of the Earth Indonesia is dredged-out and carried out in order to enrich the Western countries.

The core change of power from Sukarno to General Suharto is the change in the principles of economic development of Indonesia, from independence to dependence. April 1966 to bring Indonesia Suharto re-join the UN. After that, in May 1966, Adam Malik announced if Indonesia hold back the IMF. And Bung Karno had cast them with the famous sentence: "Go to hell with your aid!"

To maintain the stability of looting the wealth of this country, then the West Repelita design. Three-quarters of the budget Repelita I (1969-1974) came from foreign debt. "The numbers swelled to U.S. $ 877 million at the end of the period. In 1972, newly acquired foreign debt since 1966 has exceeded expenditure during Sukarno's rule. "(MC Ricklefs; History of Modern Indonesia, 1200-2004; Sept 2007).

In a matter of months after coming to power, the tendency of this new government to enrich themselves and their families increasingly frenzied. People who are poor get poorer, although officials are often told people to live simply, yet their lives were increasingly luxurious. The honeymoon between Suharto with the students who used to support it quickly faded.

Students see this new ruling was wrong. The military maintained and used as human shields guard the status-quo. The political power of the people cut down by dibonsainya political parties until there are only three: Golkar, PPP, and PDI. "In February 1970, the government announced that all public servants should be loyal to the government. Diizinan they do not join political parties other than Golkar, "according to Ricklefs.

Students who carried out protests in front of the Siliwangi Military Commander's Office and also the Office of the Governor of West Java, October 9, 1970, strongly criticized the army's behavior that were increasingly considered to be repressive. Was then presented eight demands: Kebalkah Armed Forces against the law! Why school uniforms considered more capable? Is a uniform similar to ticket trains, cinemas, bus, jitney? When the Armed Forces changed behavior? Who dares tertibkan Armed Forces? When there are legal guarantees for the people? Already merdekakah us from the arbitrariness of the law? "(Francois Raillon; Politics and Ideology of Indonesian Students 1966-1974; December 1985).

Raillon Francis writes, "Throughout Suharto occurred around 1972-1973 the influence bone of contention between the 'American groups' against 'the Japanese'. The first consists of technocrats and a number of ministers-General, Kopkamtib Jend. Soemitro one of them. The second group, led by President Aspri, Jend. Murtopo, and Jend. Soedjono Hoemardhani. "

Suharto was a leader who is very shrewd, and of course a slippery like an eel swimming in a pool of oil. He took advantage of all the people around him to strengthen his own position. When the overthrow Sukarno, Suharto mobilize military forces, technocrats pro-capitalism, and religious organizations, especially Muslims, to destroy communism. But after coming to power, Muslims were left behind. Suharto even embrace the power of the Crusader faction Pater Beek SJ, and also where Ali Moertopo CSIS become sesepuhnya, and then in the era of the 1980s would appear central figure Islamophobia, Murtopo pupil, named Gen. Leonardus Benny Moerdhani.

With full support especially from the military-of course there is a price to be paid by Suharto, which divides the cake CCN to his officers-the civil power has no meaning. Anyone who opposed him, then immediately branded as anti-Pancasila. During the period 1970-early 1980's, there is no civil power, which means that is able to oppose Suharto. Shadow of its soldiers carried out mass killings of Suharto in late 1965 to early 1966 to create terror in the minds of their own people.

Nations and character-building that championed the founding fathers of this republic in a moment destroyed by Suharto, and was replaced by homee par L'Exploitation de L'homee, exploitation committed against the ruler of a small camp. It is worth underlined if this exploitation continues to be done by government elites and political elites as well to this day. Not surprisingly, there is now a straightforward if Suharto is his teacher.

Black notes about Suharto did not stop here. In the enforcement of human rights (human rights) for example, the New Order regime in the 1980's very well known abroad as the fascist-militarist regime, as Germany under Hitler, Italy under Mussolini, under Polpot Cambodia, and Chile under General Augusto Pinochet. This is confirmed Indonesianists French, Francois Raillon. Even M.C.

Ricklefs, Australian historian, said if the enforcement of human rights, the Suharto regime far worse than the Dutch colonial rulers. "New Order doing more punishment than the Dutch colonial government. New Order to allow the torture of political prisoners. Centralization of economic power, political, administrative, and military in the hands of a few elites in the Suharto government is also greater than in the reign of the Netherlands, "said Ricklefs, who for years tracing the history of this nation since the days of Islam.

In the next article will be presented one by one "achievement" of the Suharto regime in the enforcement of human rights, especially concerning Muslims, illegitimate relations with the Zionist-Israel, and many others.

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Notes to the human rights crimes of the Suharto regime will commence from the country's easternmost region, ie, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Human rights crimes on Muslims in Aceh initiated by the Dutch VOC, forwarded by Sukarno's Old Order regime, and more cruelly repressed during Suharto's rule. Even in the era of General Suharto was, NAD is highly meritorious in seizing and maintaining the independence of Indonesia, especially in terms of financial, NAD therefore also referred to as the 'Granary Money RI'-even used as a firing range with the name of the Military Operation Zone (DOM), 1989 -1998.

NAD is an area extremely rich with natural resources, namely oil and gas. As of the end of the 1980s, Aceh has accounted for more than 30% of the total production of oil and gas exports Indonesia. In 1971 in North Aceh found reserves of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is very large. Mobil Oil, the U.S. mining company, given the right to mengekploitasinya and within six years later KNG refining complex has been operating in the area called Lhokseumauwe Industrial Zone (ZIL). In the same place, centuries ago, this is where the first Islamic kingdom of Samudera Pase stand, and now by Suharto handed over natural wealth of this country is truly great to the United States.

Earlier, in East Aceh, in 30 years since 1961, Asamera, a Canadian oil company, has dug no less than 450 oil wells. Sources of natural gas are found around the wells were wealthier than supplies of natural gas in North Aceh. Production of the ASEAN Aceh Fertilizer Plant nearly 90 percent is exported, and the expected sales of petrochemical complex aromatic chemistry of U.S. $ 200 million a year. Kraft Paper Mill Aceh also had begun producing paper sacks of cement since 1989. From saving the wrapper cement imports only the government had made a profit of U.S. $ 89 million a year, while exports of paper cement generate U.S. $ 43 million. In 1983 Aceh contributed 11 percent of all Indonesian exports.

Suharto really know if Aceh's natural wealth was incredible. Therefore, with very greedy regime constantly deplete this natural wealth. Ironically, almost all the profits from the exploitation of Aceh's natural wealth is taken away to Jakarta. The Acehnese are not getting anything. They still live in poverty and squalor. The Jakarta government rather than return money to the people of Aceh Aceh as the legal owner, but instead sends thousands of troops to fight the people of Aceh who are not powerless.

In the 1990s, from 27 provinces in Indonesia, Aceh province occupies the 7th position of the poorest in Indonesia. More than 40 percent from 5643 villages in Aceh has fallen below the poverty line. Only 10 percent of Aceh's rural electricity. In the area ZIL only 20% of the population receiving water channel. Others get water supply from dug wells are often polluted by industrial waste zone.

U.S. researchers, Tim Kell, in his report wrote, "Friction and clashes ensued between the natives and migrants. Migrants downing beer, dancing, dances, inflated prices in the market. They live in luxury in a pool of poverty the people of Aceh. Industrial wastes contaminating the land and into the wells of indigenous people. Extends to sea pollution, destructive fishing land. Unemployment increased. Impoverishment continues. Industrialization failed to overhaul the economic structure is fundamentally the Acehnese people, because he had never been part of the original people of Aceh's economy ". This is one of the "results" of the Suharto regime development in Aceh.

Objectively Tim Kell continued, "In the years 1940s scholars Pusa was not disappointed by the implementation of Islamic law throughout Indonesia. In 1950, the status of Aceh as a province removed and merged into the Province of North Sumatra. Civil administration, defense, and the economy, drawn from the sphere of influence Pusa. Disappointment over this kind of treatment, and anxiety will lose its identity, ushered into the Aceh rebellion in 1953 under the leadership of Daud. "

Under Suharto, the general was carrying the ideology of development and political stability, and with blinders on that "centralized-Majapahit", Suharto considers all people equal, all regions, all tribes, all organizations, including Aceh. Suharto think everything is the same as "Majapahit". Status of "privileged" as the lands of Islam in Aceh were killed. Aceh autonomy in religion, education, and customary law, as contained in Law No.5/1974 on Basics Local Government, in fact privilege Aceh province is on the paper. Governor selected only with the approval of Suharto, the Regents could simply served with the blessing of Golkar. Aceh harassment continues. Aceh even considered not respectable enough to host a Regional Military Command. Military Area Command was transferred to Medan.

In 1990, Governor Ibrahim Hasan, who incidentally sanctioned Suharto require all elementary school students of Islam to be able to read the Qur'an. This rule has been criticized by officials in Jakarta. Even the Department of Education sent a team to investigate "abuses" it. A few months later Dikbud district officials loosen regulations that prohibit female students wearing headscarves to school. For students who want headscarves were allowed to deviate from these regulations. The Jakarta government reacted angrily on this easing. National regulations must be adhered to nationally, without exception. And the veil is forbidden by the Suharto regime in Aceh.

Ted Robert Gurr in Why Men Rebel has written that the people would revolt if his way of life threatened by new developments. Acehnese people have lost their natural resources, livelihoods, lifestyles. Acehnese lost her husband, her children, lost hopes, lost everything. . . Then there is still a very, very ignorant who still ask, "Why the people of Aceh rebel?" The people of Aceh have been made clear to the casualties of the New Order regime. Have been raped out by Jakarta. Anyone who had a clear conscience will support the attitude of the people of Aceh who pulled back his willingness to join with the Republic of Indonesia if such a thing is allowed to continue. Patience has limits!

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In addition to draining the natural wealth of Aceh, the Suharto regime also launched a genocide of Muslims in Aceh. Well-known is the DOM or Operation Red Net (1989-1998). Many researchers agree DOM if this regime atrocities against Muslims in Aceh can be equated with the atrocities committed by Serb militia against Bosnian Muslims in the era of the 1990s. NAD is very wide, all over the land be used as mass graves here and there. Acehnese Muslims who for centuries lived in Islamic Izzah, humiliated by the fascist regime of Suharto as low.

Al-Chaidar, son of Aceh who became his homeland history researcher, stated, "If Cambodia under Pol Pot's regime was known to have The Killing Fields or the slaughter fields, then in Aceh, also known as the Mount of Skulls. In Aceh, killing a large number of fields has 35 points, is far more than the killing fields in Cambodia. "

So many exhibitions of cruelty and savagery inflicted on Muslims in Aceh by the Suharto regime, so that if used as a book it is not impossible, history of tragedy in Aceh will equal the number of pages thick Alexandria library burned to the ground before the Mongols.

Of the millions of cases of human rights crimes in Aceh, one of which is the tragedy that befell Tengku Bantaqiah, the leader Dayah (Pondok Pesantren) Babul Nurillah in Beutong Ateuh on July 23, 1999. Ironically, even though the DOM has been officially lifted, but the cruelty and barbarity that befell Muslims of Aceh is not receding. The tragedy that befell Tengku Bantaqiah and santrinya is proof.

The fall of Suharto in May 1998 does not mean the fall of the repressive power system and the nature of the New Order-style. The president after Suharto as Habbie, Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati, and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, conserve everything, in fact, even the New Order system. One proof is that corruption in the era of reform is not lost but instead remain perpetual and fully developed innovation.

For this reason, the revocation status of DOM in Aceh in 1998 does not necessarily tercerabutnya terror and savagery that had been roaming in Aceh. Ferry Kusuma, one activist of the Commission for Disappearances and Victims of Violence in Aceh to write specifically about this tragedy Tengku Bantaqiah. In the article entitled 'White Robe in Beutong Ateuh', Ferry began with the sentence, "Beutong Ateuh has a long history. This area was built since the Dutch colonial period, so people Beutong testify. Beutong Ateuh subdistrict consists of four villages namely Meurandeh Blang, Blang Pu'uk, Kuta Teungoh and Round Suak. Geographical conditions suitable for relaxing while enjoying the beautiful natural scenery. In the area that lies between two mountain rivers flowing Beutong a cool and clear. Mountains that surround the cluster of Beutong Ateuh including Bukit Barisan ... "

Eramuslim who have visited this wilderness in 2001, two years after tragedy, find a very pathetic condition. Not only in Beutong Ateuh, but also almost in all areas of NAD. Poverty exists everywhere, even though the ground in Aceh is a very rich land with its natural resources. Jakarta Aceh's wealth has been sucked out!

Beutong Ateuh located on the border of Central Aceh and Aceh Barat. From Ule Road to Beutong Ateuh, we will pass the postal company 113/Jaya Sakti Battalion located in the area of ​​oil palm plantations. In the area of ​​this company, precisely at the gate, mounted billboard contains the words "WAR EXERCISE PLACE TNI". About 10 kilometers from the company that stuck a guide that reads "intersection HEAD"; mark heading into a settlement. But there is no even a house in this area. As far as the eye could see just looks large grove of trees on a hill and a gaping chasm. No wonder the forest Cut Nyak Dien and his men chose this forest as a last defense.

Although located approximately 15 kilometers of this forest, but the district is no different from Beutong Ateuh Head Simpang forest. In the middle of the forest, a white cloth worn seen flying in the area Dayah. Dome of the mosque, the roof of some houses, and chamber recitals are dealing directly with the river Beutong clearly visible.

Tengku Bantaqiah founded the school in the village of Blang Meurandeh in 1982, and named Al Nurillah Babul. Abu Bantaqiah, so the students call him, is a respected scholars and respected. Here, Babul Dayah Al Nurillah teaches the science of religion, martial arts, as well as gardening by planting various kinds of vegetables for their own use.

Activities in Dayah is no different with other pesantren in various regions in Indonesia. Apart from those who settled in Dayah, there are people who intentionally come and study of religion to fill off work or school. More numerous than students who live in boarding school.

In this Dayah, the santrinya most are those who have committed acts promiscuously in the community such as drunkenness, stealing or other crimes that hurt themselves and the people. "According to Tengku Bantaqiah, to ask people what is already in the mosque, even those still outside masjidlah should we invite. That is the basis of acceptance of people like they'd be a student here, "wrote Peter Kusuma.

Bantaqiah is the firm establishment ulama, simple, and does not waver with the temptations of the world. For him, the world is within his grasp, not in his heart. Maybe it's because he had refused to join as a member of the Aceh branch of the MUI. Bantaqiah also not willing to enter into any political party. For him, the Party of God is more than enough, not for others. Therefore, Bantaqiah often maligned by those opposed to him. He was accused of teaching heresy and in 1985 with the title stamped Gang White Robe.

Aceh government tried to appease Bantaqiah the wake of a boarding school for him, but its location in the district Beutong Down, away from Al Nurillah Babul. This makes it refused "boarding bribe" is. This makes the relationship Bantaqiah less harmonious with the local government. He was accused as one of the GAM leaders in 192 and sent to prison with sentences of 20 years.

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When Habibie replaces Suharto and taking the time to Aceh, Bantaqiah released. But this apparently is not pleasing to the training regime of Suharto's army.

In the eyes of the army, Bantaqiah is tantamount to armed groups in Aceh are not willing to accept Pancasila. Therefore its existence must be cast out of the country this Pancasila. The Suharto's army was forgotten, centuries before the birth of Pancasila, centuries before the birth of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam has become an independent and sovereign country complete with Kanun Meukota Nature, a very complete constitution. Even far more complete than the 1945 Constitution which was amended in 2002.

Consequently, on Thursday, July 22, 1999, TNI troops consisting of various units such as the Mobile Brigade of the army and set up many tents in the surrounding mountains Beutong Ateuh. Although local residents suspect, because experience shows, in which the armed forces present in large amounts, then surely the people's blood spilled, but people can not do anything. Civilians hunch proved. Suddenly, in the same day the incident occurred the shooting of citizens who were looking for shrimp. One wounded and one escaped into the forest. Terror is disturbing residents.

From the dawn the next morning, Friday morning, July 23, 1999, TNI and Brimob has moved quietly approached the schools with the first line of combat gear, which means the firearm is loaded ammunition ready to fire. At 08.00 and Bribom army was across the river near the pesantren. With the pretext of searching for GAM, in 0900 they burned the house of the population that is located only 100 meters east of the pesantren. An hour later, troops began moving into the boarding school. With a full combat uniform with guns assault rifles, faces daubed with camouflage paint green and black, they surrounded the pesantren and screaming berate Tengku Bantaqiah and asking him to meet them.

Ahead of Friday prayer time, the students used to gather with Tengku Bantaqiah to hear all advice and the science of religion. Hearing the shouts of the soldiers who mentioned his name, Bantaqiah came with one of his students. Armed forces was not impatient. They pushed in and ordered all male students to gather in the field by the river crouch.

Apparatus with a loud and threatening voice demanded that Bantaqiah surrender his gun. Tengku Bantaqiah confused because it did not have any weapons, but only hoes and machetes are used for everyday gardening and open forest. Officers did not believe with all the information Bantaqiah. A radio transmitter antenna mounted on the roof of the boarding schools as evidence by the authorities if during this Bantaqiah establish communication with the GAM. Though it is a regular radio antenna.

"The commander ordered the troops to the antenna is removed, by having sons named Usman Bantaqiah to climb the roof boarding. Usman walked straight to his house to retrieve the equipment, but before he reached the house which is only seven feet from where the soldiers gathered the students, a member of the Usman hit with rifle butts, "wrote Ferry Kusuma, Contrast Acehnese activist, titled" White Robe in Beutong Ateuh ".

Seeing his son fell, approaching ran instinctively want to help Bantaqiah. Suddenly soldiers equipped him with weapons bomb thrower. Bantaqiah and his son a martyr. With the blind, a disciple of General Suharto's forces are diverting a shot toward the collection of students. Fifty-six students directly martyr collapsed. Aceh soil nourished by the blood of the syuhadanya back. Students who were injured a truck loaded into the grounds will be given treatment and who were alive then asked to march up to the same truck. This truck is moving toward Takengon, Central Aceh, which was in the middle of the jungle.

Halfway to Takengon, the students dropped off at Kilometer Seven. They were ordered to squat on the edge of the abyss. Suddenly one of his students plunge into a ravine and disappeared into the hedge dense forest down there. The soldiers flushed the chasm that with gunfire. The fate of the students who remained unknown until now. Strong suspicion, the students are slaughtered and disposed of Suharto forces to the brink.

In the afternoon, the army ordered local residents to bury the bodies that exist. The women were herded into the mosque which was across the river and are forbidden to see the funeral procession. Armed forces was then raging in the pesantren. They undermine and destroy all that is, they burned religious books including the holy book the Koran and the letters that Yasin was in boarding school. After being burned the verses of Allah, the armed forces Suharto's upbringing, and then returned to the barracks with a truck, leaving the remaining residents who could only weep and pray.

After the tragedy, residents could only surrender Beutong Ateuh silence. With all resources and efforts, the students are left, mostly old women and young children, rebuild schools and continuing education with all the limitations. Until now, these boarding schools do not have enough funds to replace the entire al-Quran, yellow books, and letters were burned Yassin apparatus. Also other items such as all clothing, identification cards, and so on which destroyed burned. Until this moment, no one perpetrators of the massacre of Tengku Bantaqiah and students Beutong Ateuh being dragged into court. Not a single army commanders held accountable for his actions burned the holy book Quran and Yassin letter, to this day. The perpetrators were still at large. Perhaps awaiting the order of Allah over their tantrum. Just like their teacher: General Suharto.

Beutong Ateuh tragedy is just one among millions of the tragedy of the Suharto regime's atrocities against Muslims in Aceh. Surprisingly, until this moment none of the government officials, civilian or military, involved very serious human rights crimes on Muslims in Aceh who was dragged to court. They are still at large and even many who can still enjoy a wealth of luxurious living with the earth's loot the wealth of Aceh. In the next paper will be presented in Suharto's human rights crimes against other Muslims, such as the Tragedy of Tanjung Priok, Lampung, and others.

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In the early 1980s, the Suharto regime Pancasila wants to be the sole basis for all political parties and civil society organizations in Indonesia. MPR finally confirmed the Pancasila as the sole foundation (astung) in Indonesia through No.11/1983 MPR set forth in the Act No.3/1985 on Political Parties and Functional Group and Law No.8/1985 on Community Organisations. Determination of Pancasila as astung reaped a storm of controversy in the community, especially for Muslims because it has obviously interfere with the Muslim faith. Although there are elements of Muslims who want to bow to the will of this fascist regime, but in many places a demonstration against the adoption of Pancasila as astung exploded everywhere. The ulema and propagators of the faith and akidahnya still straight and clean, firmly say if astung contrary to Islamic theology, because it is obligatory to resist.

Moreover, the steps of General Suharto in the long run this is similar to what the communist leaders in his country. If the country has a party-state communism that acts as a bulldozer voice of the people, the Group's work in the Suharto era too. If the country of communism cult leaders and anyone who opposed him was killed, as well as conducted Suharto.

Not only that, at the mouth of this fascist ruler, he said Indonesia based on Pancasila and 1945 Constitution, but in reality people are living more and more destitute, the Muslims were forced to join the family planning program, in the economic sector entrepreneurs narrow given the privilege of turning off even with indigenous entrepreneurs once , CCN around Suharto's crazy, mysterious shooting that was sanctioned Suharto reigned middle-Jaunty, and so on. Especially when that Gen. Leonardus Benny Moerdhani known as Islamophobia are so general Suharto's golden boy, Muslims are constantly suppressed.

One of the most daring to speak the truth, against the repressive attitude of this regime is the Tanjung Priok in North Jakarta. The scholars and local preachers preaching and calling for Muslims to dare to return to the true faith of Islam, and against thagut, and against all forms of abuse, such as Musa against Pharaoh and against dictatorship.

In situations like these heat, on Monday, September 10, 1984, Sergeant Hermanu non-Muslims, local Babinsa, a sudden flush of water got into the wall of Mosque Al-Shahadah in Gang IV Priok. Hermanu also entered the mosque without removing his boots and walk all over meninginjak everything termsuk trample the Koran. When Suharto came to power, trampling on the Koran, even burn it once did, are common.

For the conduct of Hermanu, angry residents. Diseretlah bike and burned. Babinsa are blurred. Shortly thereafter, the authorities arrested four mosque caretaker. When word got out that if Benny Moerdhany mysterious shooter will finish off the preachers. It's increasingly heated situation.

Ba'da Maghrib, Wednesday, September 12, 1984, after the rain, was held in Jalan Sindang tabligh akbar Kodim to demand the release of four detained mosque caretaker. Amir Biki message to Yayan Hendrayana, one preacher, "Do not be afraid-afraid to say." Finally got a chance Yayan the fourth shouted loudly, "Man Anshoru ILALLAH!?" Who is able to defend the religion of God? Answered the pilgrims, "nahnu anshorullah!" We are prepared!

Pilgrims crowded that night to meet the alleys and streets in Priok. No less than eighty pieces mounted speakers. Tens of thousands of people thronged the streets Priok. Many of these mothers and covered girls, something still stranger sights in that year. For some reason, that night Yayan Hendrayana have a hunch if later something will happen. Therefore he ordered the women and children immediately opt out of the congregation and immediately entered a nearby house if anything happens.

"... Because later Benny troops will slaughter brethren!" Yayan said when told the author in 1998. "But I do not know if it later is really a massacre. I talk just like that, "he added.

After Yayan, Syarifin Maloko podium. Then Amir Biki. Priok character says aloud, "Gentlemen, the brothers servant of God. It turned out that until now no answer from Kodim. This means we must be consistent with our promises. To the brothers and sisters, I entrusted my family. Had I killed this evening, please le corpse paraded me around Jakarta!

Needle was pointing to the eleventh hour. Tens of thousands of pilgrims moving toward Kodim Priok soon to want to give an answer. But suddenly, there was a barrage of gunfire. Pilgrims who are in the front row collapsed on the asphalt. Rain puddles remaining on the tarmac immediately turned red. Chaotic situation. Soldiers are still releasing a barrage of shots with the barrel of a gun straight facing the congregation. Hundreds of pilgrims Priok dying. After a quiet street, hundreds of bodies lying in the street immediately transported the army truck, somehow carry around. Fire engines sprayed water back and forth to the asphalt to eliminate the existing pool of blood here and there. Officials on guard at all strategic places with weapons ready to fire.

Priok massacre of hundreds of pilgrims recitation by the Suharto regime's army has led Muslim anger in Indonesia. To ease it, Benny Moerdhani Abdurrahman Wahid took around the pesantren in Java. Try Sutrisno Jaya being secure military commander of the excess capital that great tragedy. There is no mass media that dare to load it with a real tragedy.

Priok number of figures who managed to escape being chased and arrested. The cleric and Islamic activists meet imprisonment. Spiritual and physical torture they experienced. Ba'da Priok, the Islamic da'wah activity completely suppressed. Medium-Jaunty apostasy reigns. This is one form of the Suharto regime's atrocities against the propagation of Islam. Until this moment the enforcement of Priok Tragedy still unfinished. Mystery still shrouded darkness.

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After the tragedy Priok, the Suharto regime seem to find the momentum to increasingly repressive acts against Islam. Intel dispersed to various mosques to spy on preachers. If the preachers lecture considered a bit harder then immediately arrested and jailed. This is what happened to Hasan Kiat, preachers of the Priok that just because his speech firmly in Islamic theology agents arrested Suharto.

Suharto regime in custody, torture has become a daily meal. "Ustadz Zubir of Kalibaru tortured continued until he died. An Islamic political prisoners named Robby teeth crushed using a pistol butt, almost all fall out. Moderate Tasrif Tuasikal, convict Priok case, bayonet pierced his chest. Alhamdulillah, he is strong, "said Hasan Tip to the author in 1998.

By agents of Suharto, although know if the prisoners were righteous people, the cleric, the activists of the mosque, and so forth, but to incriminate them, the authorities tried hard to link them with the PKI. It stated that Hasan Tip experience things like that.

Moved to Lampung

Because of the condition, especially Jakarta and Java in general is very repressive for the propagation of Islam, while disobedience added long-caprice reigns added, it makes the mission a group of activists took the decision to migrate. Lampung into the goal. In this land they aspire to open a new land, build houses and villages, complete with a mosque as a place of worship and learning of religious knowledge. An Islamic settlements, so their expectations.

Sukardi was one missionary activist who has hope. Owner optics 'Nusa Indah' ​​in Priok is active in the teachings Hidayat Nur, a former national karate athlete. In 1988, a friend named Haryanto declare if they would be moved to Lampung, precisely in Cihideung Hamlet, Hamlet Talangsari III, Lampung.

"I then rembukan with the wife. My wife just said, 'If indeed it was in the way of Allah, I am ready to go anywhere, "said Sukardi to the author when he met in 1998. Finally, all merchandise auctioned cheap sunglasses.

On January 10, 1989, bringing Sukardi Ismawati (20 th) the wife, two small children (Eka Triyani, 5 th, and Ahmad Daulatul Indi, 3 years), as well as an in-law, Sumarni (19 th).

"With ten of my family went to Lampung. Who migrated first phase of this field all the people. We're not preachers. So those of us that open land, "said Sukardi.

"Twenty-first day of no work nothing. We're just doing regular worship and to plant cassava. Information from stating Lampung Jakarta was ready for habitation yet found anything. Wave after wave of people coming to Lampung and Jakarta join us, "he continued.

At that time, the veiled female figures is a rarity. Therefore, the arrival of the women veiled in Lampung addressed by the indigenous population, especially local government officials, as something to be wary of. The local village chief had sent a letter of complaint to the Head Zulkifli Malik. Soon came a letter from the Head Zulkifli invite Warsidi, head of the congregation, to come to the district office.

"I do not know what the contents of the complaint letter from the head of the village. But the letter of invitation from the sub-district is very suspicious. Moreover, we already heard the news when Mr. Warsidi will be arrested, "said Sukardi.

Finally, after deliberation, the congregation agreed to prevent overlooking Warsidi Head. Instead created a letter written by Sukardi law, Sumarni, which reads: "At best umaro is attending clergy. And the worst scholar is attending umaro. "Then proceed with the sentence," ... considering our busy filling teaching in several places, so we ask that you can come to our place to see for themselves the actual conditions. "

Soon Head escorted some officials came to see Warsidi. Then the Head was invited back Warsidi to come into place. Jamaat refused. The situation heats up. As the group home subdistrict, Warsidi ordered the congregation to prepare if the condition worsens.

"Finally I and my friends make an arrow in one place outside Cihideung. Suddenly came the messenger who told me if Mr. Warsidi on February 15, later the army would attack our village. Finally we return to Cihideung. Some say we practice martial arts, archery practice, it was a lie of all. We actually do not want any confrontation with the authorities here. We just want to build an Islamic one township, away from disobedience, "added Sukardi.

On 3 Febrari 1989, Captain Danramil Soetiman come alone on a motorcycle to Cihideung. Pilgrims took it well. Jamaat even explain how good pepper cultivation. Soon Captain Soetiman home. The situation is still running normal.

Five days later, February 7, 1989, a squad of heavily armed soldiers stormed the Cihideung. Warsidi who never thought of it by fleeing, shouting, "Allahu Akbar!" The women and small children running to the mosque is considered safe. The house of God will not possibly be attacked, they thought. However, their estimates turned out wrong bear. Suharto regime's army did not consider special house of God. The soldiers immediately surrounded the mosque.

With a shout, the army ordered that all who take refuge in the mosque should come out. The women and children sheltering in a mosque in increasingly frightened. They can only dhikr with lips trembling with fear. Seeing no one wants to come out, the soldiers immediately opened fire on praying. Not enough with a barrage of gunfire, mosque full of veiled women and little children were burned to the ground. Suharto's troops had carried out repeated atrocities Zionist-Israeli soldiers in Shabra-Satila. All that is in the mosque to reach martyrdom in a way very sad.

Sukardi the time of the incident was on his way to the Jakarta escaped the massacre. Only, wife, brother in law, and two children who are toddlers, including victims who roasted alive in the mosque. However, Sukardi arrested in Jakarta and detained until the year 1994, together with Nur Hidayat, Maryanto, and others.

With red eyes held sadness that is very, Sukardi dreamy, "Until now I still like to hear the sobs of my children. They were calling me, "Mr. .. Mr. ... "Oh God, I want to see them again. I want to know where their graves. Until now, I do not know where they are buried. Hopefully, God gathers us all in Jannah later. Amien. "Tragedy In Lampung, the Suharto regime officials have slaughtered more than 250 lives of children of the nation, mostly women and small children is a martyr baked inside the house of God. This tragedy was till now still leaves many mysteries. Law enforcement was not finished.

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The tragedy in Aceh, Tanjung Priok, Lampung, only a tiny fraction of crimes against humanity committed by the Suharto regime ruling against Muslims. Not to mention other tragedies are no less horrific as that inflicted on the people of East Timor, Papua, Kedungombo, and so on.

As word of the wise, life is like a wheel yangberputar. Then there are times to rise, there are also way down. Likewise, the rule of General Suharto. Regime which was born from the blood pool of millions of people with the full support of imperialist and colonialist West block, has a "golden age" in the late 1960's until the second half of the 1990s. For almost a third of a century, General Suharto became president with almost absolute power like a king or dictator. Anyone who dared opposing beliefs and pandapat with him, although he used most devoted friend, would be removed.

In the early days of his rule, the regime is mortgaging the nation's natural wealth is so great to corporate networks as well as designing blueprints Jewish legislation Indonesia foreign investment in Switzerland (1967). This step is followed by "stabilizing" the economy and politics in the country, with full-strength intervention imperialist and colonialist world like the United States and Japan.

The propagation of Islam, the regime of General Suharto to be very hard. Although at the beginning of the rising power of Islam was coupled with tenderness, but after coming to power, Muslims were kicked out from centers of power. Islamic Da'wah into illicit goods and even targeted intelligence operations under the command of Gen. Ali Moertopo until Gen. Leonardus Benny Moerdhani.

Throughout the 1970s, the regime of General Suharto to enjoy the glory and prosperity to the 'Oil Booming'nya. On the other hand, corruption, collusion, and nepotism are also growing very fertile. Sandalwood became the center of the financial circulation in this country. And many people who thirst for power and wealth as well as guerrilla and blatantly against the Cendana.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, as changes in the political interests of the United States, where the cold war era can be said to have ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist empire in Eastern Europe, it also changed the political orientation of the regime of General Suharto.